Quantum theory is often spoken of as our most bulletproof scientific theory. But now there’s a possibility that it needs revisiting…
on 4 May 1935. The world’s most famous scientist and two collaborators had discovered what they saw as a fatal flaw at the heart of our greatest theory of nature. They had found that particles separated by kilometres seemed to be able to interact instantaneously with each other. Albert Einstein called itEven though he had helped lay the foundations of quantum theory, Einstein felt it must be missing something.
, including spooky action at a distance, passed every experimental test thrown at it. At the tiniest scales, reality really is as strange as our best theory of the subatomic world suggests. What we haven’t figured out is why quantum theory is so strange. Physicists like me have long been examining its foundations in search of answers. Recently, these efforts have turned up a major surprise: a new hypothesis called “almost quantum theory” that is even more bizarre than the original. What really excites me is that we might be on the cusp of putting it to the test. If it passes, the newspapers will be reporting the scientific upset of the century.
Quantum theory deals with the subatomic world of particles, and it describes their behaviour with peerless accuracy. It is often spoken of as …
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Quantum Overlapping TomographyIt is now experimentally possible to entangle thousands of qubits, and efficiently measure each qubit in parallel in a distinct basis. To fully characterize an unknown entangled state of $n$ qubits, one requires an exponential number of measurements in $n$, which is experimentally unfeasible even for modest system sizes. By leveraging (i) that single-qubit measurements can be made in parallel, and (ii) the theory of perfect hash families, we show that all $k$-qubit reduced density matrices of an $n$ qubit state can be determined with at most ${e}^{\mathcal{O}(k)}{\mathrm{log}}^{2}(n)$ rounds of parallel measurements. We provide concrete measurement protocols which realize this bound. As an example, we argue that with near-term experiments, every two-point correlator in a system of 1024 qubits could be measured and completely characterized in a few days. This corresponds to determining nearly 4.5 million correlators.
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