'The speed of light seems very fast. But in the context of the universe, the speed of light is painfully slow'
"The speed of light seems very fast. But in the context of the universe, the speed of light is painfully slow"Maybe telling people they're ants on a tiny rock in one solar system in a galactic backwater wouldn't be great politics. But operating on this knowledge, that our existence is so unlikely and finite and delicate in the face of all there is, would encourage us all to start working together to keep ourselves and our species in the game.
It reminds me just how limited our epistemic access is as human beings. We're looking at the world, and we’ve used our eyes for most of human history. We've developed fancy technology, space telescopes. And if you just think about what we've been able to gather throughout all that time, it's an incredibly thin sliver of information about what's out there. From what we understand about the observable universe, everything you can see goes back about 13.
And then the 70 percent of the rest of it is even more bizarre. It's not even dark matter. It's a kind of pervasive uniform energy that is intrinsic to space itself. And because we don't know what it is, we just call it dark energy. And it's actually distinct from dark matter. At least we think it is. It behaves quite differently from dark matter. It doesn't clump together the way dark matter does, gravitationally. And it exerts a kind of anti-gravity effect on everything.
It is. The black hole itself is not emitting the light because as you know, black holes, once something falls in, they don't come out again. But black holes are very messy eaters. As stuff falls into a black hole, it speeds up. And that interaction generates extremely highly energetic radiation that escapes before it plunges in. So yeah, black holes rather paradoxically can be incredibly bright, even though once you actually fall in, you don't come out again.
They call the Carina Nebula “the Cosmic Cliffs,” and it does look like mountains. But it struck me that we’re constructing these things so that our minds can grapple with it, because then it looks like something we're used to here on Earth. We're creating these patterns in order for us to latch onto them.
As best we know, there are no smoking gun signals from actual observational data that Einstein's theory of gravity is incorrect. It has survived many, many tests at this point. But you're absolutely correct that dark matter and dark energy put pressure on general relativity. In a way, calling these things dark matter and dark energy is basically granting that general relativity is functioning properly and is providing us with a correct set of laws.
An alternative is to say, maybe there is no dark matter or dark energy, and maybe general relativity is simply wrong. There have been proposals over the years to this effect. There's a long running proposal called Modified Newtonian Dynamics, or MOND, that claims to banish the dark matter. It entails modifying general relativity, changing the laws of physics, so that dark matter would be unnecessary.
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