Psychiatry has come a long way from doctors treating psychotic patients with ice packs. Here's a look at the fascinating journey.
, and the role of histamine, one of the natural substances released during surgery which increases capillary permeability and lowers blood pressure. It seemed possible, then, that antihistamines might modulate the stress response. He also recognized that anesthetics including chloroform and ether interact with stress to induce shock and reasoned that if medicines could be found to lower the dose of anesthetics needed, there would be a corresponding decrease in risk.
In pursuing this goal, Laborit became interested in promethazine, an antihistamine derivative in a class of medicines known as phenothiazines, which seemed to make patients more relaxed before surgery and aided in anesthesia. Returning to Paris in 1950, he asked the pharmaceutical company Rhone-Poulenc for similar compounds. As it happened, one of their chemists, Paul Charpentier, had been testing chlorpromazine, a derivative of promazine as a treatment for malaria.
Although this dramatic finding was reported at a psychiatric meeting in 1952, there was a great deal of resistance by the medical establishment to using drugs for psychosis. At the time, the mainline treatments were sedatives, shock therapy and. Luckily, one of Laborit’s anesthetist colleagues contacted his brother-in-law, Pierre Deniker, a psychiatrist at the large academic Saint Anne Hospital.
Chlorpromazine was released as a prescription drug in France under the name Largactil in 1952, and ultimately produced a revolution in psychiatric treatment. As the next few years went by, reports came in describing improvements in psychoses, and reductions in violence, in hospitals in Europe, the U.S., and Canada. Thousands of patients, once longtime residents of huge psychiatric facilities, were now able to be discharged.
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