Jakarta, the capital of Indonesia, has demonstrated the most promising way of thinking about climate adaptation: as something that builds on and is built into other forms of development
Save time by listening to our audio articles as you multitaskAn alternative reading is that Canute was undercapitalised. This is the interpretation written in earth, concrete and steel at the mouth of the River Maas in the Netherlands. The Maas, as the Rhine’s main outlet into the North Sea, provides shipping with access to Rotterdam, far and away Europe’s busiest port. Unfortunately it provides access for storm surges, too, and much of Rotterdam and the surrounding country are below sea level.
The foresight involved was, as is often the case, a function of past trauma. In 1953 a storm surge killed almost 2,000 in the country and flooded 9% of its land; the Maeslantkering was the culmination of decades of engineering aimed at preventing a recurrence. In a similar way, if not as effectively, America began paying more attention to its flood defences after a similar number died in New Orleans at the time of Hurricane Katrina.
Anies Baswedan, Jakarta’s governor from 2017 to this October, had two misgivings. The project would cause the city’s sewage, most of which is not treated, to collect in the shallow water behind the barrier—an ecological disaster. And a vast seaside development of “Dubai-style, pricey mansions”, in the words of an adviser, Tom Lembong, would only heighten the already yawning gulf between rich and poor in the city.
One of the reasons that adaptation needs to be piecemeal, even when well planned, is that climate risks and impacts are not something that can be set aside from the rest of life. A wide range of factors will determine who is at risk of what; climate change will rarely be completely dominant. The forms of prevention being adopted vary from place to place, notes Ms Medley-Daniel, depending on the size and preferences of the local community and the ecology of the surrounding countryside.
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