Nearly every parent wants to raise a child who has high self-esteem and grows up to be a capable and confident adult. Here are the healthiest ways to make that happen.
suggests that children with high self-esteem are more likely to have parents that express their “unconditional love,” meaning they experience a stable love that is not altered by what their child does. Narcissistic children may feel that they are only worthy of their parents’ love if they meet their expectations or are “special.”
Brummelman, E., & Sedikides, C. . Raising children with high self‐esteem . Child development perspectives, 14, 83-89.Derry, K. L., Bayliss, D. M., & Ohan, J. L. . Measuring grandiose and vulnerable narcissism in children and adolescents: The narcissism scale for children. Assessment, 26, 645-660. Thomaes, S., Stegge, H., Bushman, B. J., Olthof, T., & Denissen, J. . Development and validation of the Childhood Narcissism Scale. Journal of personality assessment, 90, 382-391.
Tracy, J. L., Cheng, J. T., Robins, R. W., & Trzesniewski, K. H. . Authentic and hubristic pride: The affective core of self-esteem and narcissism. Self and identity, 8, 196-213.Tracy, J. L., Cheng, J. T., Robins, R. W., & Trzesniewski, K. H. . Authentic and hubristic pride: The affective core of self-esteem and narcissism. Self and identity, 8, 196-213.
Brummelman, E., Nelemans, S. A., Thomaes, S., & Orobio de Castro, B. . When parents’ praise inflates, children's self‐esteem deflates. Child development, 88, 1799-1809. Haimovitz, K., & Dweck, C. S. . What predicts children’s fixed and growth intelligence mind-sets? Not their parents’ views of intelligence but their parents’ views of failure. Psychological science, 27, 859-869.
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