Pääbo's work focused on extracting DNA from ancient pieces of bone
The 2022 Nobel prize in physiology or medicine has been awarded to a Swedish geneticist who traced the evolution of modern day humans from the DNA of our close extinct relatives.
By surmounting the immense technical hurdles presented by the degradation of DNA across tens of thousands of years, Pääbo sequenced the genome of one of our closest extinct relatives, the Neanderthals , and helped make the spectacular discovery of another previously unknown hominin, the Denisovan. Pääbo's insights revealed that both of these species had co-existed with humans — their DNA mixing with ours after modern humans migrated out of Africa roughly 70,000 years ago.
Pääbo developed a sophisticated toolkit of new techniques to sidestep these problems, which included extracting the mitochondrial DNA from bones in stringently sanitized clean rooms before applying statistical techniques to weed out remaining genetic contaminants. After applying these methods to three Neanderthal bones discovered across Europe, Pääbo successfully sequenced the entire Neanderthal genome in 2008.
Wedell highlighted that Pääbo's discoveries don't just help to reveal where humans came from, but also how Homo sapiens became so successful. Neanderthals had big brains, were highly social and used complex tools, but their cultural patterns changed very little across hundreds of thousands of years until they died out about 40,000 years ago, according to Wedell.
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