In total, 45% of the city’s built-up area has been affected
Save time by listening to our audio articles as you multitaskRussia has reduced Mariupol’s defenders to a small garrison in a steelworks. The death toll is unknown, because journalists and aid workers cannot enter the city safely. In contrast, destroyed buildings are visible from space. And satellite data suggest that since the war began, 45% of the city’s built-up area has been gravely damaged.
To produce this estimate, we used freely available data from the synthetic-aperture radar aboard Sentinel-1, a European satellite duo.bounces microwaves off the Earth’s surface and measures the energy “echo” when they return. It works 24 hours a day, and is not thwarted by clouds. The strength of the echo depends on the roughness of the reflecting surface. Rubble creates stronger signals than smooth roofs do. It also alters where the returning wave is in its cycle when it reaches the satellite.yields slightly different results each time a satellite flies over a given location, even if there are no changes on the ground. To minimise the impact of these small fluctuations, we used three snapshots for each area: two taken before an attack, and one afterwards.
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