Coins are fair. Their tossers, less so
Legend holds that the city of Portland, Oregon, was very nearly called Boston. A coin toss held in 1845 between Francis Pettygrove, who hailed from a different Portland, in Maine, and Asa Lovejoy, from Boston eventually decided the matter. But things might have turned out differently, per Frantisek Bartos, a graduate student at the University of Amsterdam, if people were not such wobbly tossers.
Or at least, that was the prediction. Enter Mr Bartos, and his admirable dedication to empiricism. He rounded up 48 volunteers and convinced them to perform 350,707 coin tosses, using dozens of different coins, from an Indian two-rupee piece to a Swiss two-franc coin. Sure enough, his data confirmed what the physics had predicted. The coins landed same-side up 50.8% of the time. The statistics revealed that the coins themselves showed no particular bias.
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