By modifying the blueprint of life, researchers are endowing proteins with chemistries they’ve never had before.
During transcription, DNA instructions are copied into RNA, which is then translated into proteins in a molecular machine called a ribosome. Each triplet of bases in the RNA message represents a word, or codon, of the genetic code. There are 64 words in total — 61 that encode for amino acids and 3 that signal the ribosome to stop.
Amino acids are brought to the ribosome by transfer RNAs , each of which corresponds to a complementary codon. Enzymes known as aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases couple the tRNA to its cognate amino acid. Making this system accept unnatural, or ‘non-canonical’, amino acids in a test tube required several key tweaks. First, Schultz’s team devised a way to chemically attach unnatural amino acids to a tRNA that could recognize one of the three stop codons. They then introduced a stop codon into the gene for the penicillin-resistance protein, β-lactamase.
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