Searching through existing data spanning 9 billion years, a team of researchers led by scientists at the University of Hawaiʻi at Manoa has uncovered the first evidence of 'cosmological coupling' – a newly predicted phenomenon in Einstein's theory of gravity, possible only when black holes are place
Researchers studied elliptical galaxies like Messier 59 to determine if the mass of their central black holes changed throughout the past 9 billion years. The smooth distribution of light is billions of stars. Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, P.
These new measurements, if supported by further evidence, will redefine our understanding of what a black hole is.In the first study, the team determined how to use existing measurements of black holes to search for cosmological coupling. Black holes are also hard to observe over long timescales. Observations can be made over a few seconds, or tens of years at most—not enough time to detect how a black hole might change throughout the lifetime of the universe. To see how black holes change over a scale of billions of years is a bigger task.
“There were many different behaviors for black holes in galaxies measured in the literature, and there wasn’t really any consensus,” said study co-author Sara Petty, a galaxy expert at NorthWest Research Associates. “We decided that by focusing only on black holes in passively evolving elliptical galaxies, we could help to sort this thing out.”
By looking at only elliptical galaxies with no recent activity, the team could argue that any changes in the galaxies’ black hole masses couldn’t easily be caused by other known processes. Using these populations, the team then examined how the mass of their central black holes changed throughout the past 9 billion years.
“Here’s a toy analogy. You can think of a coupled black hole like a rubber band, being stretched along with the universe as it expands,” said Croker. “As it stretches, its energy increases. Einstein’sHow much the mass increases depends on the coupling strength, a variable the researchers call“The stiffer the rubber band, the harder it is to stretch, so the more energy when stretched.
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