Bats growl like death metal singers and Mongolian throat singers UniSouthDenmark PLOSBiology
]. The setup allows for running humidified air through the larynx at precisely controlled pressures while controlling the configuration of the larynx with micromanipulators and recording any sound produced. For recording the sound, we used a 1/4-inch pressure microphone-preamplifier assembly . The positions of the larynx and microphone were fixed relative to each other during an experiment and placed horizontally at 22 to 44 mm from the larynx.
To capture the laryngeal configuration during the experiments, we used a Leica DC425 camera mounted on the stereomicroscope, controlled using LAS . To record tissue vibration, we used a high-speed camera filming at 10,000 to 20,000 fps for ventricular folds and 100,000 to 250,000 fps for vocal membranes, controlled by Photron FASTCAM Viewer 4. For illumination, we used a Leica GLS150 lamp through a liquid light guide connected to the stereomicroscope or a Thorlabs plasma light source .
To expose the vocal membranes, we carefully cut in a horizontal plane between the ventricular and vocal membranes with adventitia scissors through the ventricle of Morgagni. To induce their vibration, we applied a slow pressure ramp from 0 to 7 kPa at 1 kPa/s. This type of pressure function only yielded oscillation for 1 out of the first 4 individuals, and we did not apply it for the last 2 to minimize experimental time.
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