When Mount Vesuvius erupted nearly 2,000 years ago, the Roman city of Pompeii and its residents were buried alive, entombed in ash.
, however, that Herculaneum's citizens died that way. Blistering hot temperatures of around 500 °C could have produced the gruesome effects archeologists have observed: vitrified brains, cracked teeth, contracted limbs, charred bones, and ruptured skulls. But other evidence of soft tissue preserved on a few rib bones pointed to lower temperatures.
They analyzed the amount of light reflected in 40 charred wood samples excavated in the 1960s from five different sites across the ancient city, with the samples' reflectance indicating the temperature at which the charcoal formed. These temperatures would have been"capable of causing instant death of people, while leaving only a few decimeters of ash on ground," the researchersInterestingly, the highest temperature signals were detected in wood samples from the northern part of the city, at the Collegium Augustalium, where the vitrified brain was found.
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