Tiny wobbles in Earth’s gravitational field could help detect big tremors faster, but they’re hard to tease out from the planet’s seismic noise.
period in 2011, just after two tectonic plates gave way off the eastern coast of Japan, gravity wobbled. The Earth’s gravitational field is the result of a distribution of matter—a slightly firmer tug where the world is denser; a looser grasp where it is not. When massive volumes of earth and water are suddenly displaced, like in an earthquake, that distribution changes. The forces that hold the moon close, keep the atmosphere thick, and tie our feet to the ground jerked into a new alignment.
Those existing signals are primarily P-waves, seismic ripples that occur as rock compresses and vibrates from a sudden shock. When these waves reach seismic stations, software quickly pinpoints where the earthquake originated and estimates its size. The goal is to give people a heads-up, however brief, before the up-and-down motion of S-waves, a slower type of tremor that often causes the most damage.
Gravity perturbations are quicker—as in speed-of-light quicker. “It is faster than any other method we have today,” says Martin Vallée, a seismologist at the University of Paris who has worked on detecting the signals. But they’re also far less forceful than P-waves, making them tricky to pick out from seismologists’ greatest enemy: noise.
For decades, seismologists have debated whether a clear detection is possible. There are tools to observe
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